Macros

This section describes the syntax for macros in Hash. Macros are a way to write code that writes other code. There are two kind of macro invocations: one macro works on AST items, and the other works on tokens.

AST macros

AST-level macros are written with the syntax #macro_name <subject> or #[macro_name(macro_arg)] <subject>. The first form is a used as a shorthand for macros that don't have any additional arguments to the macro itself.

For example, the #dump_ast macro will accept any AST item as the subject and print the parsed AST to the console.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
dump_ast main := () => {
    println("Hello, world!");
}
}

An example of an AST macro being used to set some attributes on a function:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
#[attr(foreign(c), no_mangle, link_name = "jpeg_read_header")]
jpeg_read_header := (&raw cinfo, bool require_image) -> i32;
}

Token macros

Token macros follow a similar syntax to AST macros, but instead of working on AST items, they work on tokens. The syntax for token macros is @macro_name <subject> or @[macro_name(macro_arg)] <subject>. The first form is a used as a shorthand for token macros that have no arguments. However, one significant difference between token macros and AST macros is that the token macro only accepts a token tree as the subject. A token tree is a sequence of tokens that are enclosed in a pair of delimiters. Token trees are either [...], {...} or (...). It is then up to the macro to define various rules for accepting the token tree:

An example of using min and max macros:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
main := () => {
    min := @min {1 + 2, 3 * 4, 7 - 6 + 1 };
    max := @max {1 + 2, 3 * 4, 7 - 6 + 1 };

    if max - min == 0 {
        println("min and max are equal")
    } else {
        println("min and max are not equal")
    }
}
}

Another example of macro with a token tree for HTML:

welcome := () => {
    @[xml(variant=html)] {
        <html>
            <head>
                <title>My page</title>
            </head>
            <body>
                <h1>Hello, world!</h1>
            </body>
        </html>
    }
}

Expr
Type
Pat
Param
Arg
TypeArg
PatArg
MatchCase
EnumVariant

Here is an example in code of all of the possible positions where a macro invocation can appear:

#![allow(unused)]
#![module_attributes]

fn main() {
dump_ast
Foo := struct<#dump_ast T>(
    dump_ast x: T,
    dump_ast y: T,
    dump_ast z: T,
);

Bar := enum<T>(
    dump_ast A(T),
    dump_ast B(T),
    dump_ast C(T),
);

bing := (#param x: i32) -> #ty i32 => {
    foo := Foo(#arg x = 5, #arg y = 6, #arg z = 7);

    match x {
        dump_ast 0 => 0,
        dump_ast 1 => 1,
        dump_ast (#dump_ast _) => bing(x - 1) + bing(x - 2),
    }
}
}

Grammar

Formally, the macro syntax invocation can be written as follows:

token_macro_invocation ::= "@" ( macro_name | macro_args ) token_tree;

token_tree ::= "{" any "}" 
             | "[" any "]" 
             | "(" any ")";

ast_macro_invocation ::= '#' (macro_name | macro_args ) macro_subject;

module_macro_invocation ::= "#!" macro_args;

macro_subject ::= expr 
                  | type 
                  | pat 
                  | param 
                  | arg 
                  | type_arg
                  | pat_arg
                  | match_case 
                  | enum_variant;  

macro_args ::= "[" ( ∅ | macro_invocation ("," macro_invocation)* ","? ) "]";

macro_invocation ::= macro_name ( "("  ∅ | expr ("," expr )* ","?  ")" )?;

macro_name ::= access_name;

The Hash Programming Language

Macros

AST macros

Token macros

Defining a macro 🚧

Macro Rules 🚧

Macro invocation locations

Grammar